Further Reading

Baldwin, Kate. A. Beyond the Color Line and the Iron Curtain: Reading Encounters between Black and Red, 1922–1963. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 2002.

Blakely, Allison. Russia and the Negro: Blacks in Russian History and Thought. Washington, DC: Howard University Press, 1986.

Carew, Joy Gleason. Blacks, Reds, and Russians: Sojourners in Search of the Soviet Promise. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers UP, 2008.

Fikes, Robert. “In the Land of Czars and Commissars: African Americans in Russia, the Soviet Union, and Post-Soviet Russia, 1824-2015.” BlackPast.org (4 June 2015).

Keys, Barbara. “An African-American Worker in Stalin’s Soviet Union: Race and the Soviet Experiment in International Perspective.” The Historian 71.1 (Spring 2009): 31–54.

Matusevich, Maxim. “Journeys of Hope: African Diaspora and the Soviet Society.” African Diaspora 1 (2008): 53–85.

Robinson, Robert, with Jonathan Slevin. Black on Red: My 44 Years  inside the Soviet Union. Washington, DC: Acropolis Books, 1988.

Rose, Steve. “Racial harmony in a Marxist utopia: how the Soviet Union capitalised on US discrimination.” The Guardian (24 Jan. 2016).

Sahadeo, Jeff. “Soviet ‘Blacks’ and Place Making in Leningrad and Moscow.” Slavic Review 71.2 (Summer 2012): 331-58.

Simmons, Ann M. “Great Read: In Russia, early African American migrants found the good life.” Los Angeles Times (19 Nov. 2014).

Yaffa, Joshua. “Exiled. A Black Communist’s Disappearance in Stalin’s Russia.” The New Yorker 34 (25 Oct. 2021)